Determinants of cigarette smoking among school adolescents on the island of Java, Indonesia
Bigwanto, Mouhamad
Background: The Integrated Model of Change has successfully
explained the behavior change process. Cigarette
smoking is a social phenomenon, which needs to be
understood for devising effective preventive strategies.
Objectives: The study aims to apply the Integrated Model
of Change to determine predictive factors of cigarette
smoking behavior among school adolescents in Indonesia.
Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was
designed to collect data in Banten, Indonesia. A total of
698 students from eight high schools were recruited by
multi-stage cluster sampling. The association between
cigarette smoking and the independent variables was
examined by multiple logistic regressions.
Results: The majority of respondents (86.4%) were
between the ages of 15 and 17 years (Mean = 16.4 years;
SD = 1.01). Approximately half (48.8%) of the students ever
tried a cigarette while 29.6% were current smokers. Curiosity
was reported as the main reason for experimenting
with cigarettes (32%). The significant factors regarding
current cigarette smoking were attitude [adjusted odds
ratio (AOR) = 2.68], social norms (AOR = 12.80), self-efficacy
(AOR = 15.85), and accessibility (AOR = 4.39).
Conclusion: The study revealed social influence and selfefficacy
that were strongly associated with cigarette smoking
can help authorities in guiding possible intervention
programs for school adolescents.