Author: Panduan Skripsi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman mahasiswa dilihat dari aspek makroskopis, mikroskopis dan simbolik dalam memahami konsep. Fenomena pembelajaran kimia yang ditemukan hampir selalu terfokus pada tingkat makroskopik berupa rumus dan angka, sedangkan tingkat yang sering luput dari pengematan adalah tingkat mikroskopik dan simbolik seperti penyajian diagram dan proses reaksi kimia. Salah satu sifat dari ilmu kimia adalah cenderung bersifat abstrak dan kompleks, seperti proses terjadinya reaksi elektrolisis dimana terjadi pergerakan partikel yang tidak dapat diamati oleh mata sehingga sering terjadi miskonsepsi dalam memahami konsep kimia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu dengan pendekantan kuantitatif dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester satu sebanyak 40 orang di prodi Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka. Sampel penelitian ini diambil secara purposive random sampling dengan kuisioner. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil pemahaman mahasiswa pada konsep elektrokimia dilihat dari level makroskopis sebesar 72.75% kategori baik, level mikroskopis sebesar 66.25% kategori baik dan simbolik adalah 70% kategori baik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan aspek makroskopis, mikroskopis, simbolik dapat menanamkan konsep secara utuh.
Kata Kunci: makroskopis, mikroskopis, simbolik, elektrokimia.

As a drug delivery system, ketoconazole microemulsion in virgin coconut oil (oil phase) is added with a thickening agent to create transdermal dosage form. This study aimed to compare the physical stabilities of ketoconazole microemulsions formed with different thickeners, namely Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 941. The formula used varying concentrations of Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 941, i.e., 0.15% and 0.25%. The stability was observed during eight-week storage in which the conditions were controlled by different degrees of temperature, i.e., 40C, 25-300C (room temperature), and 400C. The stability tests included organoleptic observation, pH, surface tension, viscosity, particle size, and zeta potential. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test results, ketoconazole microemulsion with Carbopol 941 that had been stored in different temperature showed a significant difference in particle size (significance value< 0.05), but it did not apply to Carbopol 934. The evaluation revealed that compared to 0.25% of Carbopol 934, microemulsion with 0.15% of Carbopol 934 had a smaller difference between the time intervals. This research concluded that the use of 0.15% of Carbopol 934 as a thickener in ketoconazole microemulsion had better physical stability compared to Carbopol 941 due to the influence of temperature and length of storage.

The cosmetics industry is one of the leading industries in Indonesia. The challenge
today is more than 90% of its raw materials still have to be imported. PT
Nardevchem Kemindo is an importer and trading company of chemical raw materials
for the cosmetics industry. This study aims to examine the influence of product
differentiation, service differentiation and price perception on customer loyalty. The
research population is 268 customers who are cosmetics manufacturers. The
sampling technique is proportionate stratified random sampling, so selected 75
customers. Research data is collected by using questionnaire from respondents who
are leaders or representatives of the company. The analysis technique is multiple
linear regression with 5% significance level. The results show that partially product
differentiation and service differentiation have positive and significant influence to
customer loyalty, while price perception variable has no significant influence to
customer loyalty. Simultaneously product differentiation, service differentiation and
price perception have positive and significant influence to customer loyalty. Based on
this study, PT Nardevchem Kemindo needs to do a marketing mix strategy by
combiningvariable of product differentiation,service differentiation and price
perception, with emphasis on dimension of product form, ordering ease and lower
price than competitor.