My Blog

Trees and shrubs of the genus Cordia are widely distributed in the warmer regions, including Indonesia. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of plant leaves in Wistar albino rats.
The analgesic activity was evaluated using the hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing, and the anti-inflammatory
activity was determined using carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The results showed that the Cordia sebestena ethanol extract
(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in the two pain models tested. The
extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced inflammation test. The data obtained
support the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, further
scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in other experimental models and
clinical settings.

Green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis L.) is a great plant containing polyphenol compounds
such as catechin and gallocatechin gallate that can be used as tyrosinase inhibitors. In
this study, the green tea leaf extract made into gel dosage form using sodium alginate as
a gelling agent. This research aimed to determine the effect of different sodium alginate
concentrations on the physical stability of gel extract green leaf and to know the effect of
gel formulation on tyrosinase inhibition. Gel made into 3 formulas with each
concentration of sodium alginate of 2; 2.5; 3%. The extraction of green tea leaves was
performed by reflux using 50% methanol solvent. The results showed that the three
formulas did not occur in phase separation, and had IC50 values of 34.80, 23.27, 20.69
μg/mL. The conclusion is gel dosage form with 3% sodium alginate gave the best
inhibition of tyrosinase with IC50 of 20.69 μg/mL.

Glutathione (GSH) is a broad antioxidant of the thiol-tripeptide group, highly hydrophilic, which has limitation for topical preparations. A lipophilic surfactant is an alternative method to enhance the glutathione partition. The purpose of this study was to determine the apparent partition coefficient (APC log) of glutathione; glutathione with additional surfactant at different HLB value of HLB 4.3; 5.5; 7; 11 and selected HLB was studied for penetration. The study was conducted by dissolving glutathione in water plus various HLB surfactants. Determination method of partition coefficient was done by shake flash method. The penetration test was conducted using the parameter of decreasing Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 expression on the balb-c male skin. The results can be used as a reference for topical glutathione formulations as these results are preformulation study.

Background: The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate the stability, characteristics and effectiveness of glutathione-loaded alginate microspheres through increased lipophilicity using surfactant with a Hydrophylic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value equal to 7. The selection of glutathione as an antioxidant was based on its prominent role in maintaining intracellular redox balance. Alginate was used as the polymer, while calcium chloride constituted a cross-linking agent and Tween and Span were employed as surfactants.
Methods: The study applied an ionotropic gelation-aerosolization method. Microspheres were characterized by their morphology, size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and yield. Stress testing utilized a forced degradation method, while an effectiveness study of glutathione incorporated a Matrix Metalloproteinase I (MMP-1) parameter on mouse skin. Glutathione-microspheres, to which had been added surfactants with a HLB value equal to 7, were compared to those without surfactants.
Results: Microspheres demonstrated both high yield and encapsulation efficiency. From the stability study conducted, it was evident that the glutathione-microspheres with additional surfactant were more stable than glutathione with surfactant, but without microspheres. Similarly, the glutathione-microspheres with additional surfactant were more stable than the glutathione without surfactant. The in vivo effectivity showed lipophilic glutathione microspheres were able to decrease MMP-1 expression in the dermis tissue of mice.
Conclusion: The results of freeze-dried glutathione-loaded alginate microspheres with surfactant with a HLB value equal to 7 can be utilized as potential glutathione delivery systems.

Indonesian people use bay leaves as spices in local culinary and as traditional medicine, particularly to treat
diabetes. The problems with the mass production of antidiabetic drugs from bay leaves can be solved by
utilizing endophytic fungi as an alternative source for antidiabetic compounds. This study aimed to isolate
endophytic fungi from bay leaves and identify their antidiabetic activity through the in vitro inhibition of
alpha-amylase. The leaves were processed on potato dextrose agar media, and five isolates were grown in
an agar medium. The fermentation used a potato dextrose yeast medium that was left for five days on an
orbital shaker at room temperature. The crude was extracted using ethyl acetate solvent. In the in vitro
alpha-amylase inhibition test, the antidiabetic assay used the ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungi.
The inhibition percentage was calculated from the absorbance value read by a microplate reader. All isolates
inhibited alpha-amylase activity, but only three of them had high inhibition percentages (14.385%,
12.849%, and 39.246%). As a conclusion, the endophytic fungi isolated from bay leaves are potential as an
alternative source for the production of secondary metabolites to cure diabetes.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Indonesia often occurs in elderly (geriatric) patients
with various complications that cause polypharmacy which can increase the risk of drug-drug
interactions (DDIs). This study aimed to determine the incidence of DDIs and actual adverse
events in geriatric patients with CKD. This was a descriptive study where the samples were
collected retrospectively from medical record of the patients admitted in one tertiary care hospital
in Jakarta. Potential drug interaction was screened electronically using a drug interaction
checker (drugs.com) and manually by Drug Interaction Fact 2014. A total of 699 potential DDIs
were detected from 135 patients from one-year study period. The incidence of DDIs was 92.60%
with 5.01% actual adverse event detected due to DDIs. Pharmacodynamic interactions
accounted for 46.64% with the most significant level at a moderate level (59.37%). In conclusion,
The prevalence of DDIs in geriatric patients with CKD was found high and major level of
significance adverse event hyperkalemia was found caused by the DDIs.

Paederia foetida, locally (Indonesia) known as “sembukan “and “skunkvine” (English), is one of Rubiaceae
family member that has a diverse pharmacological and phytochemical importance. The name derives from the
distinct odor when the leaves are crushed. The species name “foetida” is a Latin word for “stinky” or “foul
smelling”. The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical, physicochemical,
phytochemical analysis and flavonoids content of Paederia foetida Linn. Pharmacognostical studies were carried
out for different parameters include macroscopic, microscopic, and fluorescence. Physicochemical parameters,
like the loss on drying, ash value, extractive values, etc. were measured as per WHO guidelines. Preliminary
phytochemical screening was also performed for major groups of compounds and the flavonoid content. The
TLC profile of the leaves extracts (n-hexane, DCM and ethanolic) of P. foetida showed 9, 7 and 3 spots
respectively in the different solvents. The total flavonoid concentration was 1.32 mg/g, expressed as quercetin
equivalents. The various macroscopic, microscopic, physical and phytochemical parameters listed here for P.
foetida, and the present work can be used with respect to its identification, authentication, and standardization.

This research aims to investigate effect of selected macroeconomic variables, i.e., USD/IDR
exchange rate, interest rate, and world oil price to indonesia composite index at the indonesia stock
exchange (IDX). This paper examine the direct effect of selected macroecomonic variable on
Indonesia Composite Index. The study used time series data from the 2012-2017. By using an
regression technique analysis, the result from showed that simultaneously the exchange rate,
interest rate, and world oil price have a significant effect on Indonesia Composite Index. Partially,
only the exchange rate has a significant effect on Indonesia Composite Index, interest rate and
world oil price have no significant effect on Indonesia Composite Iindex. The amount of influece
caused by the three variables is 58% and the rest is explained by other variables.

Kurangnya pemahaman siswa tentang sejarah perjuangan bangsa merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi sikap nasionalisme. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyoroti sejarah perjuangan bangsa dalam meningkatkan nasionalisme bagi siswa pendidikan dasar di daerah perbatasan negara, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Utara. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk mengolah data tentang rasa nasionalisme peserta didik di SD dan SMP di wilayah perbatasan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dengan Malaysia. Proses pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini melalui kuesioner dan wawancara.Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terkait dengan sejarah perjuangan bangsa setiap sekolah secara umum masih perlu ditingkatkan dengan optimal. Kepala sekolah harus memiliki langkah-langkah nyata untuk meningkatkan pemahaman ini, sehingga terbentuk rasa nasionalisme yang tinggi. Guru-guru disekolah sudah melakukan tugas dan tanggung jawab mengajar sesuai dengan kurikulum yang ditetapkan. Akan tetapi, untuk daerah-daerah perbatasan masih memerlukan tindakan-tindakan khusus agar nasionalisme siswa menjadi tinggi.Untuk menunjang peningkatan rasa nasionalisme yang tinggi, diperlukan bahan ajar atau materi yang terkait dengan sejarah perjuangan bangsa, sehingga terbentuk rasa nasionalisme yang tinggi. Bahan ajar tersebut merupakan suplemen untuk kurikulum utama (Kurikulum 2013) yang ada di tanah air saat ini.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui waktu cerita yang ada pada novel Tentang Kamu karya Tere Liye. Waktu cerita ditelusuri dalam alur. Alur pada cerita tersebut terdiri dari 2 alur. Alur pertama terdiri atas 19 bab, sedangkan untuk alur kedua waktu cerita tidak terlalu dirinci oleh Tere Liye. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah konten analisisi yang difokuskan pada alur cerita. Analisis alur cerita untuk menemukan waktu cerita dan waktu cerita kebahasaan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa waktu cerita pada alur pertama berjumlah 11 hari, 2 jam, 31 menit. Pada Bab 34 merupakan epilog yang mengandung waktu cerita 1 bulan. Pada bagian ini Tere Liye tidak menguraikan waktu dengan detail. Hal ini terjadi karena memang Tere Liye sudah menyatakan bagian ini adalah epilog. Sementara alur kedua waktu ceritanya dimulai dari tahun 1944-1999 tentang kehidupan Sri. Penelusuran kehidupan Sri hingga tahun 2013 melalui tuturan Aamee pada Zaman Zulkarnain.