Author: Panduan Skripsi

Formulation, Characteristic Evaluation, Stress Test and Effectiveness Study of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) Expression of Glutathione Loaded Alginate Microspheres and Gel

Background: The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate the stability, characteristics and effectiveness of glutathione-loaded alginate microspheres through increased lipophilicity using surfactant with a Hydrophylic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value equal to 7. The selection of glutathione as an antioxidant was based on its prominent role in maintaining intracellular redox balance. Alginate was used as the polymer, while calcium chloride constituted a cross-linking agent and Tween and Span were employed as surfactants.
Methods: The study applied an ionotropic gelation-aerosolization method. Microspheres were characterized by their morphology, size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and yield. Stress testing utilized a forced degradation method, while an effectiveness study of glutathione incorporated a Matrix Metalloproteinase I (MMP-1) parameter on mouse skin. Glutathione-microspheres, to which had been added surfactants with a HLB value equal to 7, were compared to those without surfactants.
Results: Microspheres demonstrated both high yield and encapsulation efficiency. From the stability study conducted, it was evident that the glutathione-microspheres with additional surfactant were more stable than glutathione with surfactant, but without microspheres. Similarly, the glutathione-microspheres with additional surfactant were more stable than the glutathione without surfactant. The in vivo effectivity showed lipophilic glutathione microspheres were able to decrease MMP-1 expression in the dermis tissue of mice.
Conclusion: The results of freeze-dried glutathione-loaded alginate microspheres with surfactant with a HLB value equal to 7 can be utilized as potential glutathione delivery systems.

Partition Coefficient and Glutathione Penetration of Topical Antiaging: Preformulation Study

Glutathione (GSH) is a broad antioxidant of the thiol-tripeptide group, highly hydrophilic, which has limitation for topical preparations. A lipophilic surfactant is an alternative method to enhance the glutathione partition. The purpose of this study was to determine the apparent partition coefficient (APC log) of glutathione; glutathione with additional surfactant at different HLB value of HLB 4.3; 5.5; 7; 11 and selected HLB was studied for penetration. The study was conducted by dissolving glutathione in water plus various HLB surfactants. Determination method of partition coefficient was done by shake flash method. The penetration test was conducted using the parameter of decreasing Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 expression on the balb-c male skin. The results can be used as a reference for topical glutathione formulations as these results are preformulation study.

THE EFFECT OF SODIUM ALGINATE CONCENTRATION ON GREEN TEA LEAF (Camellia sinensis L.) EXTRACT GEL AS TIROSINASE INHIBITOR

Green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis L.) is a great plant containing polyphenol compounds
such as catechin and gallocatechin gallate that can be used as tyrosinase inhibitors. In
this study, the green tea leaf extract made into gel dosage form using sodium alginate as
a gelling agent. This research aimed to determine the effect of different sodium alginate
concentrations on the physical stability of gel extract green leaf and to know the effect of
gel formulation on tyrosinase inhibition. Gel made into 3 formulas with each
concentration of sodium alginate of 2; 2.5; 3%. The extraction of green tea leaves was
performed by reflux using 50% methanol solvent. The results showed that the three
formulas did not occur in phase separation, and had IC50 values of 34.80, 23.27, 20.69
μg/mL. The conclusion is gel dosage form with 3% sodium alginate gave the best
inhibition of tyrosinase with IC50 of 20.69 μg/mL.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena L.

Trees and shrubs of the genus Cordia are widely distributed in the warmer regions, including Indonesia. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of plant leaves in Wistar albino rats.
The analgesic activity was evaluated using the hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing, and the anti-inflammatory
activity was determined using carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The results showed that the Cordia sebestena ethanol extract
(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in the two pain models tested. The
extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced inflammation test. The data obtained
support the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, further
scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in other experimental models and
clinical settings.

Screening Of Antibacterial Activity And Molecular Identification Of Lactic Acid Bacteria From Cabbage Fermentation On Bacillus Cereus Pathogenic Bacteria

Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL) are often found naturally in food ingredients such as
vegetables and fruits. Cabbage fermentation is one of the best sources of Lactic Acid Bacteria
which contain antibacterial compounds such as bacteriocin, hydrogen peroxide, and organic
acids. This study purpose are to isolate BAL, screen the antibacterial activity, and identification
of molecular of selected isolates. This study was initiated with Lactic Acid Bacteria isolation from
cabbage fermentation, followed by screening for antibacterial activity by disc diffussion method
and identification of molecular isolates which having the highest antibacterial activity by PCR
method. After isolation, 6 isolates were obtained: K31, K32, K33, K34, K35 and K36. The result
of antibacterial activity test showed that K32 isolate had the highest activity against bacterium of
Bacillus cereus. Molecular identification with PCR method and sequencing of amplification
results showed that K32 isolates having 99% similarity level to lactobacillus buchneri JCM 115
strain. From the results of the study it can be concluded that cabbage fermentation contains
Lactic Acid Bacteria which have antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.

Perilaku Aktivitas Fisik dan Determinannya pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu – Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka

Berdasarkan data dari Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013 kelompok remaja hingga dewasa muda
(15-24) memiliki gaya hidup tidak aktif (sedentary/kurang beraktivitas fisik) sebesar 52%. Kurangnya
aktivitas fisik dapat menyebabkan risiko kesehatan terutama timbulnya komplikasi penyakit tidak menular
seperti obesitas, diabetes, hipertensi dan gangguan jantung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui
hubungan aktivitas fisik dan determinannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan
desain studi potong lintang. Sejumlah 846 mahasiswa Fikes Uhamka berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini.
Data dikumpulkan dengan mengisi sendiri kuesioner oleh mahasiswa. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi
square untuk mengetahui hubungan antara aktifitas fisik dengan determinannya dan regresi logistic untuk
mengetahui prediktor dari aktifitas fisik. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil bahwa rata-rata skor Metabolic
Equivalent (MET) adalah 1420,33 ± 2384,297. Responden yang memiliki aktivitas fisik yang rendah
sebesar 47,8%, aktivitas fisik sedang sebesar 39,6% dan aktivitas fisik tinggi hanya 12,6% responden. Ada
hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin, status pekerjaan, ketersediaan fasilitas olahraga, dukungan
dosen, dan persepsi terhadap olahraga terhadap aktivitas fisik. Aktivitas fisik aktif lebih banyak ditemui
pada responden kelamin laki-laki, mahasiswa yang sudah bekerja, ketersediaan sarana olahraga di rumah
atau lingkungan sekitar, adanya ajakan dosen untuk berolahraga dan adanya persepsi yang baik terhadap
olahraga. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa responden yang tidak bekerja, tidak terdapat fasilitas
olahraga di rumah, dan mempunyai persepsi yang kurang baik terhadap olahraga adalah prediktor untuk
memiliki aktivitas fisik pasif/ringan.